GINGIVITIS

Gingivitis means inflammation of the gums. It is a manifested as change in color, enlargement, bleeding, puffiness, ulceration.

CAUSES FOR GINGIVITIS:

1)The most common cause is the accumulation of TARTAR (Calculus) is the scaly yellowish or brownish hard chalk like substance that forms at the gum margins around the teeth. This tartar irritates & pushes the gums away from the teeth & causes gingivitis. Tartar contains calcium, magnesium, bacteria & fungus. As a result there is bad smell in mouth. .Hence Tartar should be removed often by the procedure called SCALING by the dentist.


2) Poor oral hygiene is also responsible for gingivitis. Owing to improper or inadequate brushing the teeth, gums become soft & lose their resistance to infection.


3) Those who have the habit of breathing through the mouth keep the lips apart when the air strikes on the gums. The dryness & the absence of the toning effect of Saliva give rise to chronic gingivitis.


4) Pregnancy alters the hormonal balance of women & their gums are prone to enlargement & bleeding which is aggravated by the presence of tartar.


5) A number of skin diseases & general diseases including Syphilis & TB manifest themselves in the inflammation of the gums.


6) Anti –Epileptic drugs causes enlargement of the gingival.


7) Leukemia reflects itself prominently in the mouth. Sometimes the bleeding, enlarged gingival is the first evidence of cancer.


8) Vitamin C deficiency predisposes to reddened, bleeding, enlarged & spongy gums.


NON MEDICAL TREATMENT:


1) Proper oral hygiene.

2) Consume lot of fresh fruits & vegetable especially Vitamin C rich fruits like Guava , plum , peaches , oranges , Aavla , sprouted cereals & grains .

3) Drink plenty of water & do not breathe through mouth.

CAUSES OF DENTAL CARIES

TEETH ARE LIKE WIVES WHEN THEY ARE THEIR WE FIGHT WITH THEM & WHEN WE LOSE THEM WE CRY. THIS IS AN OLD SAYING. A major reason due to which we lose teeth is dental caries. In order to protect them from decay we should first know what causes decay.

1) ACID REFLUX DISORDERS :
Both gastric reflux & self induced vomiting observed in eating disorders commonly irritate oral tissue & destroy dental enamel. The extent of oral tissue damage depends on the frequency of the purging & cariogenicity of the diet. The most obvious symptom of bulimia is loss of tooth enamel because of frequent self induced vomiting.


2) LACK OF SALIVARY FLOW :
Saliva has anti bacterial & neutralizing properties. These two properties are of significance as caries is a disease where bacteria &acids are involved. The average amount of salivary secretions in 24 hours is roughly estimates as 1& ½ lts .The flow is not steady in an individual as rate of secretion is influenced by various factors. The condition of dryness of mouth called XEROSTOMIA may be caused by number of diseases that interrupt the secretary nerve pathway. A regular flow of saliva aids in bringing down the caries rate. Individuals who have to undergo radiation of the parotid salivary gland of left side develop more caries on the left side because of decreases salivary flow in left side.


3) MEDICATIONS USED:
Several categories of medications can affect the integrity of the oral mucosa, taste, sensation & salivary production. Care should be taken to assess the effects of medications in the oral cavity & how these effects can be minimized by alterations in diet or during therapy. The following medications affect teeth

- Anti anxiety agents

- Anti depressants

- Anti histamines

- Anti hypertensives

- Diuretics

- Sedatives

- Tranquilizers

4) NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY:
Nutrition plays a significant part in the caries incidence. Deficiency of Vitamin A, C, D & proteins in infants & children result in their teeth being more vulnerable to decay than those of others. Lady Mallenby, the famous British dental researcher who studied the nutritional aspect of dental caries for over 30 years demonstrated that adequate supplements of Vitamins, Calcium & Phosphorus to diets brought an appreciable drop in caries incidence.


5) SOFT FOOD :
Today's finely powdered flour without a trace of husk harms the teeth of people as food made from refines flour needs no chewing & it rapidly forms into a sticky mass that adheres to the teeth .

BABY BOTTLE TOOTH DECAY

Baby Bottle Tooth Decay ( B B T D ) is the term adopted in 1986 by the Healthy Mothers Healthy Babies Oral Health Coalition to describe the decay of primary maxillary incisors that occurs due to prolonged bottle feeding in young children.

BBTD is commonly found in children who are given a bottle of milk or sugared liquid to nurse during the day or when the baby is put to bed.The position of the tongue is such that it causes the liquid to be in constant contact with the maxillary incisors thus encouraging bacterial growth. Generally the incisors of the upper jaw get affected but if proper measures are not taken than whole upper jaw gets affected.

BBTD occurs extensively in the American, Indian & Alaska native
communities.The high incidence of of BBTD in Alaskan children is due to continued use of bottle.